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Emergency hysterectomy after 2nd trimester abortion in a patient with placenta accreta spectrum disorder who had four cesarean deliveries


Urgentní hysterektomie po potratu ve II. trimestru u pacientky s poruchou placenta accreta spektrum a iterativními císařskými řezy v anamnéze

Cíl: Provedli jsme nouzovou hysterektomii podvázáním děložních tepen před disekcí močového měchýře u pacientky s poruchou spektra placenty accreta, u které došlo k nadměrnému krvácení po potratu. Kazuistika: Pacientka se čtyřmi předchozími porody císařským řezem měla pánevní bolesti a nadměrné vaginální krvácení po potratu plodu. Hemodynamický stav pacientky se zhoršil. Pacientka podstoupila operaci a močový měchýř byl hustě přilnutý k jizvě po předchozí incizi. Byla provedena klasická hysterektomie až do úrovně uterinní tepny oboustranně. Děložní tepny byly poté skeletonizovány a podvázány před disekcí močového měchýře. Přední viscerální peritoneum bylo vypreparováno na istmické úrovni. Močový měchýř pod adhezí byl vypreparován v dolním děložním segmentu pomocí laterálního přístupu. Srůsty byly vypreparovány, měchýř byl odstraněn z dělohy a byla provedena hysterektomie. Závěr: Porodníci by měli být obeznámeni s dia­gnostikou a léčbou poruch spektra placenty accreta. V případě nouze může být děložní tepna podvázána před disekcí močového měchýře. Po případu krvácení bylo možné vyříznout močový měchýř z dolního děložního segmentu a provést bezpečnou hysterektomii.

Klíčová slova:

krvácení – potrat – hysterektomie – spektrum placenty accreta


Authors: M. Kaba 1,2 ;  C. Erkan 1;  M. C. Sarica 1 ;  Y. A. Mayir 1
Authors place of work: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey 1;  University of Health Science Istanbul, Turkey 2
Published in the journal: Ceska Gynekol 2023; 88(2): 110-113
Category: Kazuistika
doi: https://doi.org/10.48095/cccg2023110

Summary

Objective: To perform an emergency hysterectomy by ligation of the uterine arteries before bladder dissection in a patient with placenta accreta spectrum disorder who developed excessive hemorrhage after abortion. Case report: A patient with four previous cesarean deliveries presented with pelvic pain and excessive vaginal bleeding following a fetal abortion. The patient’s hemodynamic status worsened. The patient underwent surgery, and the bladder was densely adherent to the previous incision scar. A classic hysterectomy was performed up to the level of the uterine artery bilaterally. The uterine arteries were then skeletonized and ligated before bladder dissection. The anterior visceral peritoneum was dissected at the isthmic level. The bladder below the adhesion was dissected in the lower uterine segment using a lateral approach. The adhesions were dissected, the bladder was removed from the uterus, and a hysterectomy was performed. Conclusion: Obstetricians should be familiar with the dia­gnosis and management of placenta accreta spectrum disorders. In an emergency, the uterine artery could be ligated before bladder dissection. After cessation of bleeding, the bladder could be dissected from the lower uterine segment and a safe hysterectomy could be performed.

Keywords:

Hemorrhage – Hysterectomy – abortion – placenta accreta spectrum

Introduction

Placental implantation occurs in the uterine endometrial layer. A healthy endometrium and the Nitabuch layer of the endometrium restrict further invasion of the placenta into the endometrium, thereby preventing it from reaching the myometrium [1,2]. In an event of basal endometrial loss, placental implantation may occur on the myometrial surface (placenta accreta), into the myometrium (placenta increta), or even beyond the myometrium (placenta percreta) [1–3]. This type of placental implantation is known as placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorder. Previous uterine surgery, cesarean delivery, dilatation, curettage, or infection may result in loss of the endometrium, leading to PAS development [3,4].

The main risk associated with PAS is massive obstetric hemorrhage, which can lead to secondary complications, such as coagulopathy, multisystem organ failure, and even death [5,6]. However, there are insufficient data on second-trimester pregnancy termination in patients with PAS. Severe hemorrhage occurs when PAS has not been dia­gnosed prenatally, and manual placental delivery has been attempted [7,8]. If heavy bleeding occurs, emergency hysterectomy is required to stop it [9]. Previous cesarean incisions heal with scar formation. Furthermore, the bladder can adhere to the incision scar in the lower uterine segment [10]. In such cases, bladder injury may occur during hysterectomy, especially during emergency hysterectomy [10,11]. Here, we present a case of emergency hysterectomy performed in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy due to severe hemorrhage, in which the bladder densely adhered to an incision scar.

Case presentation

A 27-year-old woman presented to the emergency clinic with pelvic pain and vaginal bleeding. She was gravida six with one abortion and four previous cesarean deliveries. On physical examination, minimal vaginal bleeding was observed along with a 2 cm cervical dilatation. Obstetric ultrasonography (USG) revealed the presence of a 17-week-old fetus with cardiac activity. Her amniotic fluid volume decreased, and the placenta was located on a previous cesarean incision scar. The patient was admitted to the clinic with a dia­gnosis of abortus incipiens. The patient’s hemoglobin (Hgb) level was 8.4 g/dL. On the second day of admission, USG examination revealed that fetal cardiac activity had stopped, anhydramnios had developed, and the lower fetal extremity had prolapsed into the vagina. Two hundred micrograms of misoprostol was administered sublingually to induce abortion. Two hours later, the fetus was aborted without the placenta, and excessive bleeding occurred. Subsequently, the placenta was delivered manually under abdominal USG examination, and the bleeding stopped. Approximately 20 min later, the patient’s condition and hemodynamic status worsened. Blood sample was collected to evaluate the patient’s Hgb level (reported as 5.7 g/dL). The patient was then transferred to the operating room.

A decision was made to perform emergency hysterectomy. The patient was placed in the dorsal position, and the abdomen was then accessed through a Pfannenstiel incision. No hemorrhage was observed in the abdomen. A purplish-colored area with a diameter of 5 cm was observed in the upper part of the previous incision (Fig. 1A). The bladder was densely adherent to the previous incision. It was not possible to quickly dissect the adhesions without causing bladder injury. In our experience, bladder adhesions usually occur at the site of a previous incision. We also observed that the bladder did not adhere to the uterine arteries at the isthmic level, or the intact uterine endopelvic fascia below the incision. The bilateral utero-ovarian ligaments, round ligaments, and fallopian tubes were clamped, cut, and ligated to quickly stop the bleeding. Subsequently, the anterior and posterior leaves of the broad ligament were dissected to remove the bladder and ureters from the surgical area and ligate the uterine arteries. The uterine arteries were clamped, cut, and ligated (Fig. 2A). Subsequently, we dissected the visceral peritoneum from the uterus just medial to the uterine arteries at the isthmic level and visualized the endopelvic fascia. We then dissected the bladder from the lower uterine segment immediately below the adhesions using blunt dissection. Blunt dissection continued until only dense bladder adhesions remained (Fig. 2B). While dissecting the bladder, the uterine wall was opened in the purplish-colored area. There was approximately 5 cm of soft tissue in the ruptured area that could not be clearly identified as placental tissue or hematoma (Fig. 1B). Subsequently, the tissues were subjected to histopathological evaluation. The adhesion was dissected using sharp dissection, such that some scar tissues remained on the bladder. Finally, total hysterectomy was performed (Fig. 2B).

Fig. 1. Represents ruptured area and dense bladder adhesion. A) Purplish color
area represents ruptured area. B) Hematoma-like placental tissue in the ruptured
area. Densely bladder adhesion at the inferior border of the ruptured area.<br>
+ ruptured area; * dense bladder adhesion; × placental tissue.<br>
Obr. 1. Představuje oblast prasknutí a husté adheze močového měchýře. A) Fialová
oblast představuje roztrženou oblast. B) Tkáň placenty podobná hematomu
v oblasti prasknutí. Hustá adheze močového měchýře na spodní hranici ruptury.<br>
+ oblast prasknutí; * hustá adheze močového měchýře; × placentární tkáň.
Fig. 1. Represents ruptured area and dense bladder adhesion. A) Purplish color area represents ruptured area. B) Hematoma-like placental tissue in the ruptured area. Densely bladder adhesion at the inferior border of the ruptured area.
+ ruptured area; * dense bladder adhesion; × placental tissue.
Obr. 1. Představuje oblast prasknutí a husté adheze močového měchýře. A) Fialová oblast představuje roztrženou oblast. B) Tkáň placenty podobná hematomu v oblasti prasknutí. Hustá adheze močového měchýře na spodní hranici ruptury.
+ oblast prasknutí; * hustá adheze močového měchýře; × placentární tkáň.

Fig. 2. Represents uterine artery ligation and bladder dissection. A) Ligation of
uterine artery before bladder dissection in the isthmus region. B) Completed
emergency hysterectomy.<br>
* indicates ligated uterine artery; × intact endopelvic fascia without adhesion;<br>
÷ dense bladder adhesion on the previous incision; α ruptured area on uterine
tissue.<br>
Obr. 2. Představuje ligaci děložní tepny a disekci močového měchýře.<br>
A) Podvázání děložní tepny před disekcí močového měchýře v istmu. B) Nouzová
hysterektomie dokončena.<br>
* označuje podvázanou děložní tepnu; × intaktní endopelvická fascie bez adheze;<br>
÷ hustá adheze močového měchýře k předchozí incizi; α prasklá oblast na děložní tkáni.
Fig. 2. Represents uterine artery ligation and bladder dissection. A) Ligation of uterine artery before bladder dissection in the isthmus region. B) Completed emergency hysterectomy.
* indicates ligated uterine artery; × intact endopelvic fascia without adhesion;
÷ dense bladder adhesion on the previous incision; α ruptured area on uterine tissue.
Obr. 2. Představuje ligaci děložní tepny a disekci močového měchýře.
A) Podvázání děložní tepny před disekcí močového měchýře v istmu. B) Nouzová hysterektomie dokončena.
* označuje podvázanou děložní tepnu; × intaktní endopelvická fascie bez adheze;
÷ hustá adheze močového měchýře k předchozí incizi; α prasklá oblast na děložní tkáni.

Four units of packed red blood cells, two units of fresh frozen plasma, and 1 g of fibrinogen concentrate were transfused. The patient was transferred to the intensive care unit, where the Hgb was 8.6 g/dL and fibrinogen levels were 255 mg/dL. The patient was admitted to the clinic on the first postoperative day, and discharged on the sixth postoperative day with a Hgb level of 7.8 g/dL. Histopathologic evaluation results reported necrotic changes and chronic villus structures in the ruptured area with placental tissue sample in a separate container.

Discussion

Herein, we present a case in which severe maternal morbidity and mortality were prevented by performing rapid hysterectomy without complications. After cesarean section, the uterine endometrial epithelia and visceral peritoneum can heal with regeneration and recolonization at the incision site. However, the myometrium does not heal by regenerating muscle fibers, but by fibrous tissue formation [3]. Scarring may cause abnormal vascularization, resulting in secondary localized hypoxia and lead to defective decasualization and excessive trophoblastic invasion [3,12]. Additionally, neovascularization develops to feed the placenta, and chorionic villi can be found inside the myometrial vascular spaces in PAS [13]. Therefore, any attempt to remove the placenta will result in rupture of these vessels and cause severe bleeding [3]. Obstetricians should consider PAS when the placenta is located on a previous cesarean incision [4]. Additionally, current knowledge is insufficent regarding how pregnant patients with PAS should be managed during second-trimester abortion [2]. However, a few recommendations have been made in the literature, including medical treatment with misoprostol, uterine artery embolization, leaving the placenta in situ, and multiple adjuvant treatments, such as hysterotomy and hysteroscopic excision [1,2,6]. When severe hemorrhage occurs, an emergency hysterectomy is required as definitive treatment, such as in the present case. Moreover, Tocce et al argued that all second-trimester pregnancy terminations should be performed via hysterectomy in pregnant patients with PAS [14].

When the placenta is located at or near a previous cesarean incision, obstetricians should recognize that PAS is highly probable. This possibility increases with repeated cesarean section. Additionally, repeated cesarean delivery increases the risk of bladder adhesion to the incision scar. Bladder adhesions usually occur at the anterior midline of the incision site. Thus, pushing the bladder to remove it from adhesions can cause injury. Bladder adhesion does not occur in the lateral portion of the cervix or the medial side of the uterine artery at the isthmus level. Therefore, dissection should begin in this lateral area to prevent bladder injury [10,15]. It has been reported that women with > 3 prior cesarean deliveries are 20% more likely to experience bladder injury [10]. In Turkey, the general cesarean section rate is > 50%, and the primary cesarean section rate is > 26% [9]. Therefore, we are likely to encounter such cases with a high risk of hemorrhage at any time.

Conclusion

Obstetricians in countries with high rates of cesarean deliveries should be aware of PAS and familiar with the management of spontaneous abortion or medical termination with related complications. In some cases, uterine artery ligation is required before bladder dissection to quickly stop the hemorrhage, as in the present case. This approach stops hemorrhage and provides time for the surgeon to perform hysterectomy quickly, which decreases the complication rate.

This case report was presented as an oral pre­sentation at 19th National Gynecology and Obstetrics Meeting which was held in 18–22 May 2022, in Antalya – Turkey.

ORCID authors

M. Kaba 0000-0002-4368-9712

M. C. Sarica 0000-0002-7032-097X

Y. A. Mayir 0000-0002-9573-1062

Submitted/Doručeno: 2. 12. 2022

Accepted/Přijato: 15. 2. 2023

Metin Kaba, MD

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Antalya Training and Research Hospital

Varlik, Kazim Karabekir Cd.

07100 Muratpasa/Antalya

Turkey

metin13kb@gmail.com


Zdroje

1. Wang YL, Weng SS, Huang WC. First-trimester abortion complicated with placenta accreta: a systematic review. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2019; 58 (1): 10–14. doi: 10.1016/ j.tjog.2018.11.032.

2. Ou J, Peng P, Teng L et al. Management of patients with placenta accreta spectrum disorders who underwent pregnancy terminations in the second trimester: a retrospective study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2019; 242: 109–113. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.09.014.

3. Jauniaux E, Burton GJ. Pathophysiology of placenta accreta spectrum disorders: a review of current findings. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2018; 61 (4): 743–754. doi: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000392.

4. Jauniaux E, Kingdom JC, Silver RM. A comparison of recent guidelines in the dia­gnosis and management of placenta accreta spectrum disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2021; 72: 102–116. doi: 10.1016/ j.bpobgyn.2020.06.007.

5. Hessami K, Salmanian B, Einerson BD et al. Clinical correlates of placenta accreta spectrum disorder depending on the presence or absence of placenta previa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2022; 140 (4): 599–606. doi: 10.1097/AOG.00000000004923.

6. Hu Q, Li C, Luo L et al. Clinical analysis of second-trimester pregnancy termination after previous caesarean delivery in 51 patients with placenta previa and placenta accreta spectrum: a retrospective study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21 (1): 568. doi: 10.1186/s12884-021-04 017-8.

7. Jauniaux E, Collins SL, Burton GJ. Placenta accreta spectrum: pathophysiology and evidence-based anatomy for prenatal ultrasound imaging. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 218 (1): 75–87. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.05.067.

8. Gao Y, Gao X, Cai J et al. Prediction of placenta accreta spectrum by a scoring system based on maternal characteristics combined with ultrasonographic features. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 60 (6): 1011–1017. doi: 10.1016/ j.tjog.2021.09.011.

9. Yildirim GY, Koroglu N, Akca A et al. What is new in peripartum hysterectomy? A seventeen year experience in a tertiary hospital. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 60 (1): 95–98. doi: 10.1016/j.tjog.2020.11.014.

10. Sinha R, Sundaram M, Lakhotia S et al. Total laparoscopic hysterectomy in women with previous cesarean sections. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2010; 17 (4): 513–517. doi: 10.1016/ j.jmig.2010.03.018.

11. Elnasr IS. Lateral approach technique to minimize bladder injury during abdominal hysterectomy in cases with previous cesarean sections: an observational study. J Gynecol Women’s Health 2018: 12 (3): 555837. doi: 10.19080/JGWH.2018.12.555837.

12. Wehrum MJ, Buhimschi IA, Salafia C et al. Accreta complicating complete placenta previa is characterized by reduced systemic levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of the invasive trophoblast. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204 (5): 411.e1–411.e11. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.12. 027.

13. Einerson BD, Comstock J, Silver RM et al. Placenta accreta spectrum disorder: uterine dehiscence, not placental invasion. Obstet Gynecol 2020; 135 (5): 1104–1111. doi: 10.1097/AOG.000 0000000003793

14. Tocce K, Thomas VW, Teal S. Scheduled hysterectomy for second-trimester abortion in a patient with placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 113 (2 Pt 2): 568–570. doi: 10.1097/AOG. 0b013e318194258c.

15. Sheth SS, Malpani AN. Vaginal hysterectomy following previous cesarean section. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1995; 50 (2): 165–169. doi: 10.1016/0020-7292 (95) 02434-e.

Štítky
Dětská gynekologie Gynekologie a porodnictví Reprodukční medicína

Článek vyšel v časopise

Česká gynekologie

Číslo 2

2023 Číslo 2

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